The scientific method
This how all research in science and industry, medicine and business takes place.
A hypothesis (statement of relationship between measurable facts) is formed and
test facts gathered. A conclusion is reached based on math (probability theory)
patterns and later verified with additional or varied testing.
According to A. D. Little there are four facets to be considered by the scientific approach:
- The simplicity to wonder;
- The ability to question;
- The power to generalize; and
- The capacity to apply.
The work simplification approach applies each of these in a very literal fashion.
Maintaining an open mind.-(The simplicity to wonder)
The participant with an open mind wonders about everything. He is willing to explore all
alternatives. He is not restricted by past practice, precedent, tradition, habits, customs,
or fear of the consequences of change.
Observing the present way.-(The ability to question)
Few people know how to do an adequate job of questioning. Most of them stop asking too soon.
Sometimes this is merely to avoid embarrassing the person questioned. To succeed in work
simplification, one must get use to question everything. Work simplification provides an
organized plan for questioning. It is called the questioning pattern and it is a definite
sequence of question:
What is done?
Where is it done?
When is it done?
Who does it?
How is it done?
Why is it done at all?
Why is it done here?
Why is it done then?
Why does this person do it?
Why is it done this way?
This is a training pattern which is to be followed literally at first but which soon becomes simply
an organized way of thinking.
Exploring opportunities for improvement.- (the power to generalize)
From the answers, tentative conclusions (generalizations) can be developed. Possibilities for improvement
are then investigated:
What?, Where?, When?, Who?, How?, Why eliminate?, Why change place?, Why change sequence?,
Why combine?, Why change a person?, Why improve method?
It should be remembered that the person is searching for possible solutions. If it has never been done
before, it may be a better way.
Do not admit it cannot be done or you are defeated before you start. Try to find ways to make new ideas
work, not to prove then unworkable.
Implementing the new method.-(The capacity to apply)
It is not enough to wonder, ask why and develop a workable improvement. An idea has no value until it is
put to use. The capacity to apply implies two things:
- The ability to see the application of a general rule to a specific problem; and
- The ability to convert an understanding of human nature into an approach to
the new method which will gain the cooperation of the people involved.
The statistical method
Observational facts are gathered until a recognizable pattern is identified. Comparisons are then made
to the experiences we usually expect under normal or average conditions.
The correlation method
Using records of events that happened in the past, relationships between what you are investigating and
what you are measuring can be identified mathematically.
The British method
After describing the problem and getting facts, the person or group describes their present and future position.
A plan of action is then organized, followed and adjusted periodically.
The Japanese method
This method calls for describing the problem and asking the staff for volunteers. Young, inexperienced people
usually volunteer. It emphasizes improvement of the situation at a slow but firm pace along with company culture
and work satisfaction improvement.
The Ordione method
This method stresses time. Its basic idea is that, if things do not change, results remain the same.
Therefore, if your work results change you have a problem. One or more factors must have changed
at the same time. Find out what changed in the same time frame and that should correct the deficiency.
The brainstorm method
This method uses a group to identify several answers rapidly. First you select a group of five to seven people,
some with experience with the problem area. Some are warned in advance about the job and others are not.
A short time limit is set.
One person records the answers group members rapidly fire; objections or explanations are not allowed at first.
What you wind up with is a variety of answers, some better than others.
One offshoot method is called the Delphi method, in which members of the group are hidden from each other.
The idea is that some members with a great deal of power or prestige can influence other's ideas excessively,
so this method prevents such influence.
Deductive reasoning
After gathering specific facts or clues, the solver uses them to reach a general conclusion. For example,
a person might say, 'Because the wind is blowing, the clouds are darkening and the lightning is flashing....
I believe the rain will come down in the next thirty minutes.
Inductive reasoning
In this method, a person starts with a general conclusion and then looks for supporting facts or clues.
In law enforcement, an officer might hear a confession and later search for clues or evidence that the
crime actually happened in that manner. In business, if a bankruptcy happens, auditors may search
for exact problem areas they know may exist.
Judicial Thinking
To solve problems or reach decisions with this method, a businessperson might assign someone to
present all the facts possible to support a 'yes' decision to buy a mainframe computer. Another person
should then present all the 'no' facts about the possible purchase. The company executive team
would then judge where its best interests lie.
New Thinking Techniques
This method suggests that people often think only in straight-line fashion, using normal logic,
This can be symbolized by a person thinking one-two-three-four-five-six and so on.
New thinking techniques suggest entirely changing the framework of reference of the problem
situation to achieve results in different ways. This kind of thinking could be symbolized by a
person thinking one-two-three-four-a-b-c-five-six and so on.
An example of this kind of problem solving technique would be the following:
An office building six stories high with old/slow elevators causes tenant complains. Renters are
threatening to move out. Lack of profits would be catastrophic for the owners. Engineers are hired
to devise a solution. No luck. Repairs to the elevators would be too expensive because they are
built into the inner office structure (the engineers are thinking along logical or usual lines).
The problem is solved by an employee in the boiler room who used absolutely different thinking.
He purchased six full-length mirrors from a department store. The installed them, one at each of the elevator doors
on six floors. People were so busy looking at themselves, they did not notice or complain about
the slow elevators afterward.
The Kissinger method
This method depends on language. The exact problem is re-described in various ways.
Questions by an outside expert are used to encourage two or more arguing parties to define
what they can and cannot accept in the way of a settlement or answer. This method is based
on the fact that language is vague, and people usually do not get angry if they are asked
questions that concentrate on facts instead of repeated emotional statements.
Hard work method
In this procedure, you assume hard work will accomplish any task. Past generations were
often trained to work hard regardless of any situation. So this method is still popular with
supervisors, regardless of results.
Lazy man method
Should you have a problem, just hire and expert to solve it. Why try to invent the chicken
when you live next to a farmer with a front yard full of the birds? Consultants or experts
are very cost-effective when properly introduced.
The subconscious method
With this method, you define your problem and get all the facts you can. Decide which characteristics
the solution must have. Relax your mind and body in a quiet, interruption-free place.
As your mind moves from relaxation to sleep, it enters the Alpha condition which registers
ten megacycles per second on an electronic measuring device.
The average person can better identify the Alpha stage by merely noting that he is fully relaxed and
is moving toward sleep. Curiosity disappears, too.
During this stage, people seem to access most of their memory and make creative associations
that help find solutions to difficult problems. The answer often comes all at once, not in pieces,
so be prepared to write it down quickly! Bio-feedback training can help you train
yourself to get into and out of this Alpha condition with ease whenever you wish.